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The presumed era of the Trojan War

Homer's Iliad: summary, timeline of plot, archeological summary

Greek etext: [Perseus]
Butler translation: Perseus, Oregon, MIT, eServer, LitProj, PGut, Oz, txt
Other translations: Lang-PGut, Murray-1924 Pers, Myatt-partial
Commentaries: Perseus, study guide, website, Socrates?, Nagy

catalog of ships: analysis, muses

Troy: VI, VII, more; revisionist

Hittite archives: [outline] ditto?

"Of the major Hittite texts referring to Ahhiyawa, two in particular are important for the proposed equation of "Milawanda" with "Miletos". They are:
-- Annals of Mursili (roughly, the last 1/4 of the 14th c.): in year 3 of Mursili's reign, the town of Millawanda rebelled [against whom?]; the Hittite king sacked Millawanda, and the rebel leader Uhhaziti fled "into the sea"; in year 4, Mursili appears to have helped restore him with the help of the Ahhiyawa.
-- The Tawagalawa letter (perhaps ca. 1300?): the Hittite king is angry because of actions of a rebel in Millawanda-- Millawanda is apparently controlled by Ahhiyawa, or part of Ahhiyawa." [cite]

Arzawa: fanpage

Egyptian contacts: info (alehouse-blather model)

Linear B: glyphs, ditto [mirror]; archeology (probably date from 1250-1200 BC, earliest maybe 1350), economics, Homer? [no?], [pix] info&pix, Ventris, tutorial, samples, PDF dictionary; theory, Basque?!; DMoz

languages: history

Peoples of the Sea: overview, ditto, tactics [more]

Hittite kinglist ('middle' dates-guess): [cite]

Mursili II        son of Suppiluliuma I              1339-1306
Muwatalli II      son of Mursili II                  1306-1282
Mursili III       son of Muwatalli II                1282-1275
Hattusili III     son of Mursili II                  1275-1250
Tudhaliya IV      son of Hattusili III               1250-1220
Karunta           son of Muwatalli/cousin of Tudhaliya IV    ?
Arnuwanda III     son of Tudhaliya IV                1220-1215
Suppiluliuma II   son of Tudhaliya IV                1215-1200

references to Crete (Keftiu), the Cyclades (Isles), and the Myceneans (Tanaja) in Egyptian writings: [cite]

Middle Kingdom Period:  1 Keftiu, 1 Isles, 0 Tanaja
17th-16th century: 3 Keftiu, 1 Isles, 0 Tanaja, 1 generic
15th century: 8 Keftiu, 5 Isles, 1 Tanaja, 3 generic
14th century: 6 Keftiu, 2 Isles, 3 Tanaja, 2 generic
13th century: 6 Keftiu, 4 Isles, 2 Tanaja
12th century: 1 Keftiu, 9 Isles, 0 Tanaja

trade: amber, gold, copper, tin, furs, wine, olive oil, ivory, ostrich eggs, gypsum, lapis lazuli, carnelian, andesite, obsidian, coriander, frankincense, myrrh, pottery, seals, carved ivories, textiles, furniture, stone and metal vessels, weaponry, flax, hides, wool [cite]

c1450 BC: Minoan pottery in tomb of Hatshepsut [cite]

c1450 BC: Hittite records mention Ahhiyawa (Achaeans?) [cite]

c1450 BC: Mycenean takeover on Crete info [pix] ditto

no-date: Mycenean kings control distribution of wealth, keep records in Linear B script [tm2.7] gods mentioned: Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Dionysus, maybe Ares or Hermes (not Apollo or Aphrodite) [occ481] possible Syro-Palestinian names: A-ra-da-jo, Pe-ri-ta, Tu-ri-jo, and Po-ni-ki-jo [cite] mi-sa-ra-jo = Egyptian (cf Ugaritic 'Miraim'?) and a3-ku-pi-ti-jo = Memphite or Egyptian (cf Ugaritic 'ikuptah' used in Odyssey as personal name)

Linear B: glyphs, ditto [mirror]; archeology, economics, Homer? [no?], [pix] info&pix, Ventris, tutorial, samples, PDF dictionary; theory, Basque?!; DMoz

no-date: hypothetical Egyptian influence on Greece ('Black Athena' theory): [summary]

1400-1100 BC: Egypt regularly importing wine and oil from Aegean [info]

"The high points of contact between Egypt and the Late Bronze Age Aegean seem to be during the reigns of Thutmose III, Amenhotep III, Ramses II, and possibly Ramses III."

c1320 BC: start of 19th Dynasty

c1320 BC: Ramses I (Menpehtyre)

c1318-1304 BC: Seti I (Menmaatre)

c1300 BC: Hittite annals of Mursili II [etext]

c1300 BC: Phoenician treasureship wrecked [archeo]

c1304-1237 BC: Ramses II (Usermaatre)

peace treaty between Egypt and Hittites [etext]

c1236-1223 BC: Merneptah

c1231: in Merneptah's 5th year, Meryey of Libya leads disastrous attack on Egypt [etext] apparently assisted by Greek colonies-- Sicilians, Sardinians, Greeks, Trojans?

c1225 BC: Mycenean palace on Athens acropolis (cf legendary Theseus?) [occ71]

no-dates: Amenmes

no-dates: Seti II

c1208-1202 BC: Siptah

c1202-1200 BC: Queen Twosret

c1200 BC: Phoenician cargo ship wrecked [archeo]

c1200 BC: 20th Dynasty

c1200-1197 BC: Sethnakhte

c1197-1166 BC: Ramses III

c1192 BC: in Ramses' 5th year, Libyans attack [cite]

c1186 BC: in Ramses' 11th year, Sea Peoples attack [cite]

Philistines resettled in Canaan

no-date: merchants colony at Ugarit includes Cypriots, Hittites, Cilicians, Egyptians, Canaanites, Assyrians, Ashdodians [cite]

swarming footsoldiers learn to defeat charioteers? [theory]

c1200 BC: utter collapse of Mycenean civilisation, near-total emigration from all population centers but Athens [tm2.8] 'Sea Peoples' wreak havoc thruout near east [info] Philistines settle in Levant (apparent Mycenean origin: cite) Israelites first mentioned around this time? [parallels] [theories]

Linear B forgotten, Greeks effectively illiterate [tm3.1]

no-date: twelve-month calendar with month-names varying locally [occ108] [info] [Athens]

legendary(?) invasion of central and south Greece by 'Dorians' from northern Greece [tm3.2] (no archeological evidence) credited with founding Sparta [tm6.2] conquered Delphi and Corinth; unknown to Homer [occ197]

most communities have 20 or fewer people, mainly herding sheep and goats; pottery lacks artistry [tm3.3]

1050 BC? status-hierarchies begin recovery after more-egalitarian period [tm3.4]

c950 BC: much richer grave goods in tomb at Lefkandi, incl near-east imports [tm3.4]

900-750 BC: emerging from Dark Age [tm4.0]

c900 BC: rich grave goods more widespread (ie, economy is recovering) [tm4.1]

c900 BC: weapons of iron in graves, iron-technology probably imported via Cyprus (tin for bronze had not been imported since 1200?) [tm4.2] (implies forests had recovered enough to fuel smelting-furnaces)

c850 BC: evidence of foreign trade, agriculture using iron tools, 'geometric' pottery style [tm4.3] repopulation [tm4.4] settlements in Ionia (Anatolian coast) [tm5.5] (Greeks may have settled Ionia before 1000BC: occ299)

age of aristocracy (informal, not rigidly hereditary) [tm4.5] value-system depicted in Homeric epics [tm4.6] Iliad depicts warrior-ethic of 'arete' (excellence) [tm4.7] Odyssey explores ethics for women as well [tm4.8] bands led by chiefs [tm4.14]

950-750 BC: Phoenician alphabet adapted to Greek language [tm4.9] [tm5.10] [review] Phoenician settlements in Spain [tm5.5]

no-date: the status of slaves in this era is uncertain [tm5.20]

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